✨ Add binary-safe QDMI program handling to FoMaC - #1957

🤖 *AI text below* 🤖

## Description

Backport selected changes from `main` to the maintained `v3.x` branch in
preparation for MQT Core 3.8.0.

The commits are kept separate by upstream change wherever practical. The
series includes:

- configurable QDMI device discovery and stable-ID registration from
#1912
- binary-safe FoMaC/QDMI program handling from #1957
- CMake subproject composability and individually selectable bundled
QDMI devices from the current #1965 head
(`cdc740398e472c19b585cf6dbd7d41de053d84a6`)
- optional QIR support for the DDSIM QDMI device and the associated QIR
runtime improvements
- native RCCX support and the bottom-up DD construction path
- Python CI performance improvements from #1944
- template synchronization through #1964, agent/contributor guide
updates, dependency and pre-commit updates, and related maintenance

## v3 compatibility

This backport deliberately preserves the v3 architecture:

- LLVM/MLIR remains optional and continues to use LLVM/MLIR 21.
- QIR support is available behind the existing MLIR-dependent feature
flags.
- The mandatory LLVM/MLIR 22 transition from #1953 and
compiler-collection changes that depend on the v4 MLIR/QCO redesign are
not included.
- #1965 is adapted to retain optional MLIR and the v3 documentation
roles while preserving its CMake and QDMI behavior.

## Validation

- configured and built the complete non-MLIR library
- configured the MLIR build against LLVM/MLIR 21.1.8
- built and ran focused DD, FoMaC, QDMI driver/registry/device, and QIR
tests
- verified 435 #1965-affected C++ test cases, with two expected device
capability skips
- configured MQT Core as an embedded CMake subproject with all bundled
devices disabled by default
- configured an embedded build with only the DDSIM QDMI device enabled
- built and ran the device-free registry suite: 11 tests passed
- focused Python FoMaC suite: 181 passed, two expected non-MLIR skips
- regenerated Python stubs without a diff
- complete lint, lockfile validation, commit-signature audit, and `git
diff --check` passed

The pre-existing v3 test configuration still requires `llc` even when
MLIR is disabled. The non-MLIR library build itself succeeds; MLIR/QIR
validation used LLVM/MLIR 21.

## Checklist

- [x] The pull request only contains commits that are focused and
relevant to this change.
- [x] I have added appropriate tests that cover the new/changed
functionality.
- [x] I have updated the documentation to reflect these changes.
- [x] I have added entries to the changelog for any noteworthy
additions, changes, fixes, or removals.
- [x] I have added migration instructions to the upgrade guide (if
needed).
- [x] The changes follow the project's style guidelines and introduce no
new warnings.
- [x] The changes are fully tested and pass the CI checks.
- [x] I have reviewed my own code changes.

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---------

Signed-off-by: renovate[bot] <29139614+renovate[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Signed-off-by: Lukas Burgholzer <burgholzer@me.com>
Signed-off-by: Roberto Turrado Camblor <rturrado@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: rturrado <rturrado@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: mqt-app[bot] <219534693+mqt-app[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: renovate[bot] <29139614+renovate[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Daniel Haag <121057143+denialhaag@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: simon1hofmann <119581649+simon1hofmann@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
Co-authored-by: Roberto Turrado Camblor <rturrado@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Yannick Stade <100073938+ystade@users.noreply.github.com>